Quantum hardware is moving away from proof-of-concept, but technical bottlenecks mean that practical, large-scale systems are still decades away.
Summary
- Six leading quantum platforms evolve from laboratory demonstrations to early integrated systems, following the early transistor era in classical computing
- Scaling to millions of qubits will require breakthroughs in materials, manufacturing, wiring, cryogenics, and automated control to manage error rates.
- Researchers expect a decades-long trajectory, with readiness varying by use case across computing, networking, sensing, and simulation.
According to a joint analysis by researchers from multiple institutions, quantum technology has entered a crucial phase of development, comparable to the early era of transistors.
Scientists from the University of Chicago, MIT, Stanford, University of Innsbruck and Delft University of Technology assessed six leading quantum hardware platforms in the studyincluding superconducting qubits, trapped ions, neutral atoms, spin defects, semiconductor quantum dots and photonic qubits.
Quantum technology leaves the laboratory
The review documented progress from proof-of-concept experiments to early-stage systems with potential applications in computing, communications, sensing and simulation, the researchers said.
Large-scale applications such as complex quantum chemistry simulations require millions of physical qubits and error rates that far exceed current capabilities, the scientists said in the analysis.
Key technical challenges include materials science, manufacturing of mass-producible devices, wiring and signal delivery, temperature management and automated system control, the report said.
The researchers drew parallels to the 1960s problem of the “tyranny of numbers” faced in the early years of computing, noting the need for coordinated design strategies at the system level.
Technology readiness levels vary by platform, with superconducting qubits showing the highest readiness for computing, neutral atoms for simulation, photonic qubits for networking and spin defects for detection, the analysis shows.
Current readiness levels indicate early system-level demonstrations rather than fully mature technology, the researchers said. Progress will likely mirror the historical trajectory of classical electronics, requiring decades of incremental innovation and shared scientific knowledge before practical utility-scale systems become feasible, the study said.
